
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity          & 1.279$^{***}$ & 1.040$^{***}$ & 1.023$^{***}$ & 1.308$^{***}$ & 0.153$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.095$^{***}$ & 0.100$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.169)       & (0.195)       & (0.245)       & (0.177)       & (0.016)       & (0.014)       & (0.017)       & (0.015)\\   
   Population                 &               & 0.585$^{***}$ & 0.557$^{***}$ & 0.723$^{***}$ &               & 0.133$^{***}$ & 0.118$^{***}$ & 0.097$^{***}$\\   
                              &               & (0.107)       & (0.105)       & (0.177)       &               & (0.022)       & (0.019)       & (0.025)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.975$^{***}$ & 0.795$^{***}$ & 0.817$^{***}$ & 1.104$^{***}$ & 0.115$^{***}$ & 0.055$^{**}$  & 0.057$^{**}$  & 0.074$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.171)       & (0.224)       & (0.269)       & (0.231)       & (0.014)       & (0.021)       & (0.023)       & (0.018)\\   
   Predicted population        &               & 0.288$^{**}$  & 0.229$^{*}$   & -0.115        &               & 0.097$^{***}$ & 0.080$^{***}$ & 0.016\\   
                               &               & (0.128)       & (0.128)       & (0.179)       &               & (0.023)       & (0.019)       & (0.029)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.243$^{***}$ & 1.076$^{***}$ & 1.084$^{***}$ & 1.345$^{***}$ & 0.147$^{***}$ & 0.091$^{***}$ & 0.095$^{***}$ & 0.092$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.171)       & (0.204)       & (0.252)       & (0.210)       & (0.015)       & (0.017)       & (0.019)       & (0.017)\\   
   Population                            &               & 0.446$^{***}$ & 0.388$^{***}$ & 0.177         &               & 0.150$^{***}$ & 0.116$^{***}$ & 0.089\\   
                                         &               & (0.163)       & (0.136)       & (0.444)       &               & (0.032)       & (0.021)       & (0.084)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 375           & 692; 413      & 751; 247      & 897; 17       & 375           & 692; 413      & 751; 247      & 897; 17\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.784$^{***}$ & 0.786$^{***}$ & 0.817$^{***}$ & 0.824$^{***}$ &  & -0.113$^{***}$ & -0.175$^{***}$ & -0.028        \\
                               & (0.041)       & (0.050)       & (0.049)       & (0.052)       &  & (0.038)        & (0.045)        & (0.038)       \\
   Predicted population        &               & -0.002        & -0.051$^{**}$ & -0.126$^{**}$ &  & 0.652$^{***}$  & 0.733$^{***}$  & 0.309$^{***}$ \\
                               &               & (0.024)       & (0.024)       & (0.051)       &  & (0.050)        & (0.065)        & (0.089)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 21,981        & 21,981        & 21,981        & 21,981        & 21,981        & 21,981        & 21,981        & 21,981\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


